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the survival guide for iowa school administrators Boxes, design only
ADMINISTRATOR AS A CHANGE LEADER
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Leadership to Initiate, Implement, and Institutionalize Change
Administrator as a Change Leader Resource
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Overview of the Change Process Handout

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Three phases of the change process have been identified: initiation/adoption, implementation, and institutionalization. Phase I, initiation, involves the process leading up to and including the decision to adopt a change. Phase II, implementation, involves putting the change into practice. Phase III, institutionalization, involves an ongoing process where the innovation becomes part of the system. Results might include "improved student learning and attitudes; new skills, attitudes, or satisfaction on the part of teachers and other school personnel; or improved problem-solving capacity of the school as an organization" (Fullan, 2001, p. 50). Sergiovanni (1991) states that the principal's goals for school improvement need to include all three--adoption, implementation, and institutionalization. Figure 1 identifies an overview of the change process.

Figure 1. Overview of the Change Process (Fullan, 2001, p. 51).
Figure 1. Overview of the Change Process

Miles (1986) identified fourteen key success factors across the three phases of the change process that affect the culture of the school. These factors serve as a guide to look at the different phases of an initiative and what support and assistance are necessary for continuous improvement.
The initiation phase includes:
  1. Figure 1: Initiationthat an innovation is linked to a high profile need,
  2. that a clear model of implementation exists,
  3. that there is/are one or more strong advocates, and
  4. that there is active initiation.
The implementation phase includes:
  1. Figure 1: Implementationcoordination,
  2. shared control,
  3. pressure and support,
  4. ongoing technical assistance, and
  5. early reward for teachers.
The institutionalization phase includes:
  1. Figure 1: Institutionalizationembedding,
  2. links to instruction,
  3. widespread use,
  4. removal of competing priorities, and
  5. continuing assistance.


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